Squalene encapsulation by emulsification and freeze-drying process: Effects on bread fortification.

In the present work, squalene (SQ) was encapsulated by a conventional emulsion method using egg white protein nanoparticles (EWPn) as a high molecular weight surfactant, followed by a freeze-drying process to obtain an SQ powder ingredient. EWPn was produced by heat treatment at 85°C, 10 min, and pH 10.5. EWPn showed higher emulsifying activity regarding native egg white protein (EWP), highlighting their potential to be used for the SQ encapsulation by an emulsification process. First, we explored the encapsulation conditions using pure corn oil as an SQ carrier. Conditions were oil fraction (0.1-0.2), protein amount (2-5 wt.%), homogenization pressure (100 and 200 bar), and maltodextrin amount (10-20 wt.%). At 0.15 oil fraction, 5 wt.%. protein concentration, 200 bar homogenization pressure, and 20% maltodextrin, the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) was reached. Then, according to these conditions, SQ was encapsulated to obtain a freeze-dried powder ingredient for bread formulation. The total and free oil of SQ freeze-dried powder were 24.4% ± 0.6% and 2.6% ± 0.1%, respectively, resulting in an EE value of 89.5% ± 0.5%. The physical, textural, and sensory properties of functional bread were not affected by the addition of 5.0% SQ freeze-dried powder. Finally, the bread loaves showed higher SQ stability than the one formulated with unencapsulated SQ. Hence, the encapsulation system developed was suitable for obtaining functional bread based on SQ fortification.

Nanocomplexes based on egg white protein nanoparticles and bioactive compounds as antifungal edible coatings to extend bread shelf life.

This work is aimed to obtain nanocomplexes based on egg white protein nanoparticles (EWPn) and bioactive compounds (BC), carvacrol (CAR), thymol (THY) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (CIN), and evaluate their application as antifungal edible coatings on preservative-free breads. The nanocomplex formation was studied through stoichiometry, affinity, colloidal behavior, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency (EE, %). Rounded-shape nanocomplexes with particle sizes < 100 nm were obtained. The EE values were similar for all BC (>83%). Furthermore, the in vitro antifungal activity of the nanocomplexes was verified using the Aspergillus niger species. The nanocomplexes were applied as coatings onto the crust of preservative-free breads, which were stored for 7 days (at 25 °C). The coatings had no impact on the physicochemical properties of the bread loaves (moisture, aw, texture, and color). Finally, the coatings based on EWPn-THY and EWPn-CAR nanocomplexes showed higher antifungal efficacy, extending the bread shelf life after 7 days.

Impact of gum arabic and sodium alginate and their interactions with whey protein aggregates on bio-based films characteristics.

Two polysaccharides (PS), gum arabic (GA) and sodium alginate (SA), and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were used to design bio-based films at two ratios (RPS:WPC, 1:2 and 1:3). The effects of PS, RPS:WPC and WPC thermal treatment (unheated vs. aggregate) were determined on films characteristics. Film-forming dispersions were tested using different complementary techniques: UV-Vis spectroscopy, electrophoretic mobility, bulk rheology and confocal microscopy. PS exhibited weak associations with proteins. However, this behavior was more significative in SA/WPC systems. Rheological and optical characteristics of filmogenic suspensions were influenced by PS, RPS:WPC and WPC heat treatment. Apparent viscosity values for SA/WPC systems were 80-250 times higher than the ones obtained for GA/WPC systems. Furthermore, thickness, moisture absorption, contact angle and mechanical properties were also affected by the film design factors. GA/WPC-aggregates films showed lesser moisture absorption; however, they have higher surface polarity than those made with SA/WPC-aggregates. Moreover, SA/WPC-aggregates systems provided stronger films in comparison with the GA/WPC-aggregates ones. In addition, mechanical properties were also affected by RPS:WPC and WPC treatment. It was observed that denatured WPC and 1:3 RPS:WPC produced weaker mechanical features. Results provide useful information for the design of bio-based mixed films with tailor-made properties.

Optimization of mold wheat bread fortified with soy flour, pea flour and whey protein concentrate.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of replacing a selected wheat flour for defatted soy flour, pea flour and whey protein concentrate on both dough rheological characteristics and the performance and nutritional quality of bread. A mixture design was used to analyze the combination of the ingredients. The optimization process suggested that a mixture containing 88.8% of wheat flour, 8.2% of defatted soy flour, 0.0% of pea flour and 3.0% of whey protein concentrate could be a good combination to achieve the best fortified-bread nutritional quality. The fortified bread resulted in high protein concentration, with an increase in dietary fiber content and higher calcium levels compared with those of control (wheat flour 100%). Regarding protein quality, available lysine content was significantly higher, thus contributing with the essential amino acid requirement.

Effects of puddings containing whey protein and polydextrose on subjective feelings of appetite and short-term energy intake in healthy adults.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of puddings with whey protein (WP) and polidextrose (PX) on appetite feelings and energy intake. A single-blind randomized, crossover study was carried out in 25 healthy adults. Participants consumed two different puddings, including control or test pudding (12.9 g WP and 6 g PX). Two testing days were completed, including satiety questionnaires and ad libitum lunch. For all participants, energy intake at lunch was similar after consumption of control or test pudding. Consumption of test pudding did not favor subjective feelings of appetite during satiation period, but it decreased iAUC for desire to eat by 24.2% (p = .049) and marginally decreased iAUC for hunger (p = .081) by 24.3% as compared with the control during the satiety. These data suggest that the consumption of pudding with WP and PX might be a useful strategy to decrease desire of eat.

Using white sorghum flour for gluten-free breadmaking.

Cornstarch/sorghum flour (X1) ratio, water added (X2) and amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) used (X3) were varied for making gluten-free bread so as to optimize batter softness (Y1), specific volume (Y2) and crumb grain (Y3). A second-order model was employed to generate a response surface. It was found that the softness of the batter depends significantly on three factors in a linear way. The specific volume (Y2), in particular, was increased significantly with the increment of X1 and X3. The crumb grain (Y3) depended significantly on three factors, its scores increased with X1 and decreased with the water added (X2). Finally, 0.55 cornstarch/sorghum flour ratio, 90% of water added and 3% of HPMC were chosen as the best conditions, considering acceptable levels of specific volume and of crumb grain, and also taking into account the possibility of using the highest proportion of sorghum flour.

Use of sodium stearoyl lactylate and azodicarbonamide in wheat flour breads with added pea flour.

Different amounts of sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) (X(1)) and azodicarbonamide (ADA) (X(2)) were analyzed to measure their effect on breadmaking using wheat flour with incorporation of pea flour (Pisum sativum) to the dough. The objective of the present work was to optimize the physical properties of dough (Y(1)Y(2)Y(3)Y(4)), the dough consistency during mixing (Y(5)Y(6)) and the baking performance (Y(7)Y(8)Y(9)). A central composite design and second-order models for Y(i) were employed. For dough physical properties and dough consistency during mixing, the best response was found when SSL varied between 0.5 and 1.5% and ADA between 110 and 170 ppm. For responses concerning the baking performance, better values for specific volume, crumb texture scores and bread score were obtained using SSL between 0.9 and 1.4% and ADA between 50 and 80 ppm. It is concluded that for baking with wheat flour replaced at about 10% with inactivated pea flour it should be advised to use SSL at levels close to 1% with ADA between 50 and 80 ppm.

[Effect of the addition of soy flour and whey protein concentrate on bread quality and mineral dialyzability]. / Efecto de la adición de harina de soja y concentrado proteico de suero de queso sobre la calidad del pan y la dializabilidad de minerales.

The effects of the addition of soy flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on dough properties and mold bread quality were studied. Farinograph and alveograph were used to evaluate dough properties. Mold bread quality was evaluated by assessing sensory attributes using a trained panel and analyzing some nutritional characteristics, such as: protein chemical score, available lysine, and potential availability of fortified iron and also of the intrinsic calcium and zinc. Addition of soy flour and WPC caused significant changes on dough properties. Chemical score of bread was increased from 40.2 to 41.4 when 6% WPC was used, from 40.2 to 52.2 when 6% soy flour was added and up to 60.0 when substitution was made with 6% WPC plus 6% soy flour. This last improvement was obtained without impairing sensory attributes. The highest value of available lysine loss during baking, corresponded to the blend containing WPC, but it was reduced when WPC was used together with soy flour. WPC addition increased calcium content but reduced potential availability of iron and zinc. This negative effect on iron availability was overcome by adding mineral absorption promoters, being EDTA the most effective. On the other hand addition of 6% soy flour improved protein value without affecting mineral availability.

Efecto de la adición de harina de soja y concentrado proteico de suero de queso sobre la calidad del pan y la dializabilidad de minerales / Effect of the addition of soy flour and whey protein concentrate on bread quality and mineral dialyzability

En este trabajo se estudió el efecto de la incorporación de harina de soja y de concentrado proteico de suero de queso sobre las propiedades físicas de la masa y sobre la calidad del pan de molde. Se realizaron estudios farinográficos y alveográficos sobre las masas. Los panes fueron evaluados por sus atributos sensoriales a través de un panel entrenado y con relación a sus características nutricionales a través de puntaje químico, lisina disponible y disponibilidad potencial del hierro de fortificación y del zinc y calcio intrínsecos. La incorporación de harina de soja (HS) y de concentrado proteico de suero de queso (WPC) produjeron una importante modificación en las propiedades físicas de la masa. El agregado de WPC a un nivel de 6 por ciento de reemplazo, incrementó el puntaje químico del pan de 40.2 a 41.4, mientras que con 6 por ciento de harina de soja se elevó a 52.2. La mezcla de ambas fuentes proteicas (HS 6 por ciento + WPC 6 por ciento) permitió aumentar ese puntaje químico a 60.0 sin deterioro evidente de las características organolépticas de los panes. Además, la pérdida de lisina disponible que ocurrió con el WPC fue atenuada con la incorporación simultánea de harina de soja. El agregado de WPC si bien incrementó el aporte de Ca, disminuyó la disponibilidad de Fe y Zn. Este efecto negativo sobre el Fe fue superado por el agregado de promotores de la absorción de minerales, siendo el agregado del EDTA el más beneficioso. Por otra parte el agregado de harina de soja al 6 por ciento mejoró el aporte de proteínas sin perjudicar el de minerales.

The effects of the addition of soy flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on dough properties and mold bread quality were studied. Farinograph and alveograph were used to evaluate dough properties. Mold bread quality was evaluated by assessing sensory attributes using a trained panel and analyzing some nutritional characteristics, such as: protein chemical score, available lysine, and potential availability of fortified iron and also of the intrinsic calcium and zinc. Addition of soy flour and WPC caused significant changes on dough properties. Chemical score of bread was increased from 40.2 to 41.4 when 6 percent WPC was used, from 40.2 to 52.2 when 6 percent soy flour was added and up to 60.0 when substitution was made with 6 percent WPC plus 6 percent soy flour. This last improvement was obtained without impairing sensory attributes. The highest value of available lysine loss during baking, corresponded to the blend containing WPC, but it was reduced when WPC was used together with soy flour. WPC addition increased calcium content but reduced potential availability of iron and zinc. This negative effect on iron availability was overcome by adding mineral absorption promoters, being EDTA the most effective. On the other hand addition of 6 percent soy flour improved protein value without affecting mineral availability.

Efecto del mejoramiento proteico sobre los parámetros de calidad nutricional y sensorial de galletitas dulces (cookies): [revisión~] / Effect of increased protein content on nutritional and sensory quality of cookies: [review]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de la incorporación de proteínas de suero caseario y de harina de soja sobre los parámetros de calidad de galletitas dulces (cookies). A partir de los resultados obtenidos se define una formulación con un contenido y calidad proteica superior a las formulaciones comerciales y con aceptable calidad sensorial. Se utilizó una formulación de galletitas para molde rotativo, adaptable al sistema de laminación y corte en planta piloto. Sobre la base de esta formulación se realizó el reemplazo parcial de harina de trigo por concentrado proteico de suero caseario y harina de soja. Se utilizó el método de superficie de respuesta para analizar la influencia de estos factores sobre: proteína total, lisina disponible por 16 gramos de nitrógeno total, lisina disponible por 100 gramos de muestra, pérdida de lisina disponible durante el procesamiento y puntaje en evaluación sensorial. El incremento del contenido de agua en la formulación tuvo como efecto un aumento de los valores de lisina disponible por provocar un retardo en el desarrollo de la reacción de Maillard, siendo el 23 por ciento su óptimo de utilización Los valores óptimos de reemplazos con harina de soja y concentrado proteico de suero caseario (CPSC) fueron de 13 por ciento y 3 por ciento respectivamente. Se concluye que la incorporación de harina de soja en galletitas dulces permite un aumento tanto del contenido proteico como de la calidad de la proteína resultante, mientras que, el agregado de CPSC produce un aumento del contenido proteico pero genera una importante disminución de la calidad de estas proteínas debido a la pérdida de disponibilidad de lisina.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of soy flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on cookies quality. An optimal recipe showing improved protein quality and content as well as acceptable sensory quality was defined taking into account the results obtained. Rotary moulded cookie formulation adaptable to lamination and cutting in pilot plant was used. Wheat flour from this formulation was partially replaced by whey protein concentrate and full fat soy flour. Second order models were employed to generate response surfaces for: total protein, lysine by 16 grams of total nitrogen, lysine by 100 grams of sample, loss of lysine during processing and sensory evaluation of cookies. We could obtain an effect on available lysine value when water content was increased in the formulation because a delay in the Maillard reaction. The optimal formulation contains 13 percent of full fat soy flour, 3 percent of whey protein concentrate and 23 percent of water. The results demonstrated that the protein content and the protein quality of the supplemented flours were increased when soy flour was added in the formulation of cookies. On other hand, protein content was increased but protein quality was decreased when WPC was used, because of available lysine loss.

[Effect of increased protein content on nutritional and sensory quality of cookies]. / Efecto del mejoramiento proteico sobre los parámetros de calidad nutricional y sensorial de galletitas dulces (cookies).

The objective of this work was to study the effect of soy flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on cookies quality. An optimal recipe showing improved protein quality and content as well as acceptable sensory quality was defined taking into account the results obtained. Rotary moulded cookie formulation adaptable to lamination and cutting in pilot plant was used. Wheat flour from this formulation was partially replaced by whey protein concentrate and full fat soy flour. Second order models were employed to generate response surfaces for: total protein, lysine by 16 grams of total nitrogen, lysine by 100 grams of sample, loss of lysine during processing and sensory evaluation of cookies. We could obtain an effect on available lysine value when water content was increased in the formulation because a delay in the Maillard reaction. The optimal formulation contains 13% of full fat soy flour, 3% of whey protein concentrate and 23% of water. The results demonstrated that the protein content and the protein quality of the supplemented flours were increased when soy flour was added in the formulation of cookies. On other hand, protein content was increased but protein quality was decreased when WPC was used, because of available lysine loss.

Estudio nutricional relativo a proteínas, energía y calcio en niños que concurren a comedor escolar / Nutritional study related to proteins, energy and calcium in children having school dinner

Se analizó el contenido de nutrientes y calorias de tres menués, que alternativamente destinados a la alimentación de 419 niños que concurren a un comedor escolar de la periferia de la ciudad de Santa Fe (Argentina). Se realizó la evaluación del estado nutricional de estos 419 niños a través de los indicadores antropométricos Peso para Talla; Talla para Edad y Peso para Talla, y de los indicadores bioquímicos urea/creatinina y calcio. Del análisis de los menúes surge que el aporte diario de proteínas es satisfactorio pero se presenta una pérdida en la eficacia de este nutriente probablemente a un insuficiente aporte energético diario. El aporte de la alimentación escolar, si se tiene en cuenta la copa de leche que reciben los niños, sólo cubre un 50 por ciento de los requerimientos diarios de energía. Respecto al consumo de calcio, los menúes aportan aproximadamente un 15 por ciento del requerimiento, que se eleva a 47-49 por ciento con la incorporación diaria de la copa de leche. Al igual que en energía, la ingesta diaria de calcio es insufienciente como se manifiesta claramente en el indicador calcio/creatinina, donde se ve que el 60 por ciento de la población estudiada se encuentra por debajo de los valores normales. Surge de este estudio la necesidad de aumentar el aporte energético ya sea en la escuela o en el hogar para posibilitar el uso más eficaz de las proteínas; además de incrementar los niveles del calcio para satisfacer su requerimiento y así lograr una mejora de su estado nutricional

Comportamiento de variedades de arroz en la elaboración de pan sin gluten / Performance of rice varieties in making bread without gluten

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento tecnológico de siete genotipos de arroz, utilizando un ensayo de panificación para pan sin gluten, determinando a su vez el grado de importancia que tienen el tamaño de partícula y algunas de sus propiedades fisicoquímicas sobre la características del producto elaborado. Se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica (amilosa total, amilosa insoluble, absorción de agua, cocción en amilógrafo, etc) de las siete variedades de arroz buscando el grado de diferenciación entre ellas y la posible relación de estas propiedades con el comportamiento tecnológico en la elaboración de pan sin gluten. Los genotipos rico y H-144-7 son los que dieron los mejores resultados en los ensayos de panificación, mientras que las variedades Waxy resultaron muy deficientes en esas evaluaciones. A su vez se destaca la existencia de una vinculación entre la absorción de agua y el contenido de amilosa insoluble con la evaluación orgoanoléptica del pan sin gluten

Mejoramiento de la calidad nutricional de pan tipo francés / Nutritional improvement of French type bread

Existe en la Argentina una creciente producción de soja y consecuentemente de aceite de soja, que permiten tener una elevada disponibilidad de proteínas de buena calidad. Paralelamente en la industria láctea, también se cuenta con una fuente proteica de mucho interés, que es la proveniente del suero caseario. El objetivo de este trabajo es lograr un mejoramiento nutricional del pan francés con dichas fluentes proteicas. Se hicieron determinaciones físicas y evaluaciones sensoriales y nutricionales con tratamiento estadístico por análisis de varianza test de rango múltiple de Duncan. La harina de soja y el concentrado proteico de suero caseario manifestaron un comportamiento opuesto sobre la absorción de agua; mientras la primera producía un aumento, el segundo provocaba una disminución de los valores de absorción. Sobre los valores alveográficos existe, en cambio, una influencia coincidente en el sentido de producir ambos un aumento en la tenacidad de la masa. Respecto a la elaboración de pan, si bien se produce una pérdida de calidad en sus características generales cuando se utilizan individualmente la harina de soja y el concentrado proteico de suero caseario, este deterioro se reduce al incorporar ambos ingredientes en forma simultánea. En cuanto a los parámetros nutricionales, se obtuvo una mejora en los niveles de lisina disponible en todos los casos en que se reemplazó la harina de trigo, en cambio en la determinación de Valor Biológico sólo se obtuvieron aumentos cuando la harina de soja de PDI 61 se utilizó en la formulación.

Cassia aphylla en panificación / Cassia aphylla in bread baking

Se preparó harina de semillas de Cassia aphylla con el objeto de estudiar su capacidad complementaria de trigo a los niveles de 4,6 y 8 por ciento en planificación. Se usó como control el pan preparado con harina de trigo. A los panes obtenidos se les realizó un análisis proximal, observándose un lígero aumento de la concentración proteica con la incorporación de harina cassia a, (pan control: 11,8 g/100g: 13,1 para la mezcla con mayor porcentaje de sustitución). Similar observación se hace para fibra (0,7 g/100g a 2,2 g/100g). Las pruebas farinográficas mostraron un incremento en la absorción de agua a medida que aumenta la sustitución, también son mayores los valores de desarrollo, estabilidad y ablandamiento. Se observó un oscurecimiento tanto de corteza como de miga. La calidad biológica de los productos obtenidos, evaluada a travéz de la determinación de utilización proteica neta (NPU), mostró un aumento significativo (pan contro: 29,4 pan complementado al 6-8 por ciento 57). Se propone estudiar la influencia de distintos mejoradores y así posibilitar niveles de enriquecimiento